My bodyweight during 2008:
Hell no. It was physics. Nah, seriously - my weight loss is 100% attributable to the law of conservation of energy. I wouldn't say the weight loss was easy - those last 10lbs in particular seemed to take forever - but it was surprisingly effortless. I ate any food that I wanted, I never felt hungry, I had tons of energy and my diet became a seamless part of my daily routine. All it took was following two basic rules:
Rule 1: Calories In < Calories Out
This is the formula for weight loss. You can try every crazy diet on the planet, but if you eat more calories than you burn, you will NOT lose any significant amount of weight. As I said, it's basic physics: the human body requires some amount of energy X, measured in calories, to do its basic functions. Moving, thinking, breathing, walking, and just about everything you do requires energy, with the exact amount depending on a person's genetics, age, health, activity level, etc. The only two sources of energy readily available for the human body are the food you eat and the muscle/fat you already have. In general, your body will use the energy from food before it starts digesting the muscles/fat in your body. So, lets assume you eat Y calories per day and look at the 3 possibilities:
Ok, So How Do I Satisfy Rule #1?
The first step is to start tracking how many calories you take in and how many you burn. Don't just try to guess or approximate, as you are all but guaranteed to get it wrong: after all, that's how you got fat in the first place. Instead, I highly recommend using a website like thedailyplate.com or fitday.com. They are free, have massive databases of foods with all the nutritional information, have all sorts of useful tools (like calorie calculators, graphs, weight tracker, etc) and take most of the guess work out of it.
Log in, plug in your height, weight, age and activity level to get an approxmiation of your basal metabolic rate. This is how many calories you burn daily by just having a beating heart, eating, breathing, thinking - in short, existing. For the average 5'9", 175 pound male, merely being alive burns around 2000 calories per day. Any exercise or physical activity you do would add onto that.
Once you have this figured out, start recording every single item you put in your mouth. You'd be surprised how quickly those little snacks can add up. Now, remember that ALL calorie tracking is an approximation. You will never know exactly how many calories are in that pastry or exactly how many calories you burned during your jog. Don't worry about it too much and just put down your best guess, using the estimates on the websites above as a base. For one thing, if you're honest about it, your errors - an overestimate here, an underestimate there - will often cancel each other out. Secondly, use a scale to track your weight: if your weight is going in the right direction, you're doing a good job of estimating. If your weight is not going in the right direction, even if you think you've been on a caloric deficit, don't just give up and assume the laws of physics do not apply to you. It just means that your estimates have been inaccurate (or incomplete). Keep at it, tweak your numbers, and eventually you'll get pretty damn good at it. Oh, and don't bother weighing yourself more than about once a week: your weight can fluctuate daily due to a number of unrelated reasons (water retention, weighing yourself at different times, etc), but over the longer term, these fluctuations tend to average out.
Rule 2: Maintain Lean Body Mass
Rule #1 only ensures that you will lose weight, which includes both fat and muscle. As it turns out, muscles are metabolically more "expensive" to maintain than fat - that is, it takes a lot of calories just to keep them around. If you are on a caloric deficit, your body may be very tempted to burn the muscle up for energy both to make up the energy deficit in the short term and to reduce the possible deficit in the future. However, losing weight at the cost of losing a lot of muscle mass is a bad idea for a number of reasons, including:
Lowering Body Fat Percentage
There are only two ways to go about this: you either need to increase the amount of muscle in your body while keeping the amount of fat relatively constant ("bulking") or reduce the amount of fat in your body while keeping the amount of muscle relatively constant ("cutting"). To bulk, you must eat a caloric surplus and convince your body to turn the extra caloric energy into muscle mass. To cut, you must eat a caloric deficit and convince your body to get the missing caloric energy from your fat. Can you build muscle and lose fat at the same time? Not very effectively - see the FAQ below for more info.
Since this post is about weight loss, our goal is to cut weight while maintaining as much muscle mass as possible. To do this, you need to convince your body that your metabolically expensive muscles are worth keeping around. Here are several good ways to do this:
1. Eat lots of protein. This is absolutely essential. You need protein to build/maintain muscles, so make sure your body is never running short of it while on a caloric deficit. This is especially important if you are doing any sort of exercise. Try to eat around 1 gram of protein per pound of bodyweight: for example, if you weigh 175 lbs, try to eat 175 grams of protein per day. The same websites I mentioned for tracking calories automatically track protein intake as well. If this seems like a lot of protein, check out the FAQ section below for more info.
2. Weight training. Consistently using your muscles to lift heavy weights is pretty much the single most effective way to tell your body that it should NOT digest its own muscles. In fact, it's pretty much the only way to keep the weight loss as close to 100% fat as possible. The most effective routines are those that work the entire body and focus on compound, low rep, heavy weight movements with free weights (e.g. Starting Strength, Stronglifts 5x5, Bill Starr 5x5, Crossfit). Yes, even women should do weight training. NO, you will not get "big". Not only is it extremely difficult for the average woman to get "jacked", when you're on a calorie deficit, your primary concern will be trying not to lose muscle mass. Of course, doing weight training has many other benefits besides maintaining LBM, such as increased strength, increased sports performance, injury resistance, increased bone density, increased metabolism (helping accelerate future weight loss), improved balance and coordination, and so on. Despite the popular myth that weight training automatically makes you gain weight, I really can't stress enough how great of a tool it is when dieting.
3. Use a moderate caloric deficit. If your caloric deficit is too big, your body will go more and more into a "starvation mode" where it'll digest a LOT of your muscle mass and actually try to conserve your fat for the future - the exact opposite of what you want. Therefore, don't go overboard with the caloric deficit: a daily deficit of 250 - 750 calories is reasonable range for most people and will let you lose about 0.5 - 1.5 lbs per week. Any more than that and a larger percentage of it will be muscle.
FAQ
What about other diets, like low fat diets, Atkins, Zone, South Beach, etc?
If any of these fad diets works, it's simply because it tricks you into eating less calories than you burn. They all have various strategies for accomplishing this, but I personally prefer to skip to the heart of the issue and skip all the BS in between. In exchange, I get to decide what I eat, when I eat and how much, so long as I follow rules #1 and #2.
What foods should I avoid?
You can eat whatever you want, so long as you follow rules #1 and #2. From a purely weight loss perspective, it doesn't matter if all your calories come from eating nothing but candy dipped in melted butter. If you eat less calories than you burn, even if all the calories are from candy and butter, you WILL lose weight. Having said that, I'd take note of the following:
From a weight loss perspective, both of these are relatively minor factors. As long as you're within your caloric limit, the body doesn't care all that much whether those calories came from carbs (whether high GI or low GI), fats or protein. The one exception is if your body fat percentage is already very low - below 10% for males - at which point losing more fat becomes much more challenging and every little detail must be monitored. However, the vast majority of people are nowhere near this level, so these are not particularly relevant.
Having said that, I must again point out that from an overall health standpoint, you may want to be aware of these issues. Picking foods with a lower Glycemic Index can have many health benefits, such as reducing hunger, cholesterol and the risk of heart disease. A proper macronutrient breakdown, such as the 40-30-30 (carbs-protein-fats) of the Zone Diet, may help with hormone balance in the body, which can impact every aspect of your life, from mood to weight management. But as far as just losing weight, they probably aren't terribly important.
I'd also note that, from personal experience, I have found that by picking foods that let me keep a caloric deficit and keeping my protein intake high (~1 gram per pound of bodyweight), both of these factors took care of themselves. I typically found that lower GI foods were also less calorie dense and I preferred them as I could eat them in larger quantities. Moreover, keeping my protein intake high naturally created a 40-30-30 macronutrient breakdown in my diet with no extra effort.
Should I eat many small meals per day?
If you keep caloric intake constant, eating multiple small meals a day versus several larger ones has no advantage as far as weight loss goes. In other words, the idea that eating more often raises your metabolism and somehow burns more calories is a myth. However, there are other benefits to eating more often that might make it worthwhile. The main one is that you can prevent yourself from getting hungry due to long breaks between meals, which can make it easier to stay within your caloric limits.
What about cardio? Should I exercise in the "fat burning zone"? What about HIIT?
From a weight loss perspective, cardio is primarily an efficient way to burn more calories - to increase the "calories out" portion of the equation in rule #1. Of course, cardio has many other benefits that make it a very worthwhile activity that have little to do with weight loss. These include improved endurance, stronger heart and lungs, and improved blood cholesterol levels. Cardio activities can also help with maintaining LBM, but not nearly as effectively as weight training.
As for the type of cardio, it's really up to you. There are studies that show that keeping your heart rate in the "fat burning zone" during cardio gives you the most favorable ratio of fat burned vs. muscle burned while exercising. Other people claim high intensity interval training (HIIT) is better. Whether or not they are right is, frankly, irrelevant. I really like this quote from Alan Aragon from an article about the "afterburn effect":
Perhaps you burn a slightly higher percentage of fat while in the "fat burning zone", but when you look at the big picture, this effect is pretty damn insignificant. All that really matters is how many calories you burned and from that perspective, you should just do whatever cardio you enjoy and can do consistently.
How do I get a 6 pack? Should I do crunches or sit-ups?
The first thing to understand is that having visible abs is, for all practical purposes, completely a factor of body fat percentage. If your body fat percentage is too high, it doesn't matter how many crunches you do, your abs will NOT be visible. You can buy the ab lounge, the bo-flex, and do crunches for days on end, but as long as there is a layer of fat over your abs, you won't be able to see them.
The second thing to understand is that, realistically, the concept of "spot reduction" is a myth. By spot reduction, I mean the idea that by doing exercises on some specific part of your body, you can lose fat from just that place. The classic example is people doing sit-ups or crunches in the hope that this will reduce fat around their midsection. It won't. Sit-ups and crunches may make your abs stronger and boost their endurance, but they WILL NOT decrease fat specifically around your stomach. You could do a thousand reps on those goddamn adductor machines at the gym and it won't magically burn fat off your ass or thighs.
To be more specific, you will only lose fat - from any part of your body - when on a caloric deficit. Where the fat is lost from is entirely up to your body. You really don't have any say in the matter. If your body decides to lose a ton of weight from your stomach, but none from your thighs, there is nothing you can do about it. However, as a general rule, when you lose weight, you lose weight fairly evenly from all over your body. Having said that, most people tend to have a body part or two that keeps an disproportionally large amount of fat. For men, this is usually the stomach and love handles. For women, it's usually the thighs and butt. These parts of the body are usually the first ones to gain fat and the last ones to lose it. The only solution is to just keep doing what you are doing: once your body fat percentage gets low enough, you WILL lose fat from even these troublesome areas.
Is it possible to build muscle and lose fat at the same time?
As I discussed before, muscle growth happens as a response to a caloric surplus while fat loss happens as a response to a caloric deficit. Although there are a few minor cases where both can happen, it should be obvious from the caloric formula alone that doing both at the same time isn't very feasible. It can be accomplished at a very slow rate by eating roughly "maintenance" calories (ie, calories in = calories out), but people typically have much better success (ie, achieve more muscle with less fat in a shorter time) by repeatedly alternating bulking and cutting cycles.
It's also true that beginners to weight training, for a short while, can burn off fat and build muscle at the same time. This typically happens with overweight and completely untrained individuals, as their bodies are primed to use fat as fuel and their muscles, in total shock from the foreign stimulus of weight training, adapt very quickly ("beginner gains"). The result is that, for a few months after beginning weight training, many guys will see their waist lines shrink while their shoulders and legs grow. It's yet another awesome incentive to do weight training, but of course, it doesn't last. After a while, to really effectively continue to add muscle mass or burn off fat, you need to gear your diet towards one or the other.
So how long do I need to do this for?
Well... forever. Or, at least as long as you want to have control over your body weight. A diet cannot be a temporary thing, because if you go back to your old eating habits, you'll undoubtedly also go back to your old weight.Worse yet, the more weight you lose, the harder it gets. For one thing, as your bodyweight gets lower, your basal metabolic rate drops as well. This means you burn less calories per day, so to maintain a caloric deficit, you have to eat even less (or exercise more). For a small amount of weight loss, this effect will be minimal, but if you're losing 20lbs or more, you'll need to take it into account - the calorie tracking websites I mentioned actually do this automatically for you. This is yet another reason maintaining/adding muscle mass is so beneficial for weight loss: for the same amount of mass, muscles take more calories to maintain, which means merely having them lets you burn more calories.
But don't worry, it's actually not that hard. After a few weeks, it becomes a part of your life and does not feel like a chore. Moreover, seeing results is an unbelievable motivation. Losing weight will make a significant daily impact in your life. Everything from getting up from the couch, to running up a flight of stairs, to how you perform at sports and exercise will improve. You'll boost your energy levels and your confidence. Of course, depending on how much weight you lose, your old clothes might not fit you any more, but I think you'll get over it. Also, when you finally reach your target weight and switch from a daily caloric deficit to eating maintenance calories, you'll find that you can feel totally stuffed every single meal and not gain an ounce.
Do I have to do Crossfit like you did to lose weight?
No, not at all. In fact, my first Crossfit workout was on July 7, by which point I had already lost 23lbs. Before that, my only real exercise was some weight training 3 times a week using the Bill Starr 5x5 routine. The main role of exercise in my weight loss was as a way to help maintain LBM and to increase how many calories I burned per day. Exercise has many other benefits as well, but it's definitely not a requirement for weight loss. You could just eat less to get to a caloric deficit and I guarantee that you'll lose weight.
How do I eat so much protein?
The typical daily recommendation is around 1.0 grams of protein per pound of body weight. This is a pretty hefty amount, but it definitely goes a long way towards helping maintain LBM. Of course, not everyone needs that much: if you don't do any exercise or are very heavy to begin with (over 300lbs), you can probably do just fine with closer to 0.5 grams of protein per pound of body weight. In any case, if you need to up your protein intake, you'll probably need to rework your diet around foods that are high in protein, but relatively low in calories. One gram of pure protein has about 4 calories in it. For any given food, you can divide the number of calories it has by the grams of protein. The closer this number is to 4 (which is the theoretical minimum), the "cleaner" a source of protein it is - that is, you can eat more of it to up your protein intake without increasing your caloric intake too much. Below is a list I've compiled of high protein foods and their calorie to protein ratio. Foods closer to the top give you a better protein "bang for the buck". These numbers are from thedailyplate.com and will obviously vary with different preparation, cuts, brands, etc.
Whey protein isolate: 100 cal, 23g, 4.34 cal/g
Spirulina: 26 cal, 5.92g, 4.39 cal/g
Turkey breast: 146 cal, 33g, 4.42 cal/g
Ostrich steak: 160 cal, 36g, 4.44 cal/g
Turkey breast (deli slices): 60 cal, 13g, 4.62 cal/g
Canned tuna: 70 cal, 15g, 4.66 cal/g
Chicken breast: 130 cal, 27g, 4.81 cal/g
Casein protein: 120 cal, 24g, 5.0 cal/g
Shrimp: 90 cal, 17g, 5.29 cal/g
Smoked salmon: 70 cal, 13g, 5.38 cal/g
Cottage cheese (0% fat): 70 cal, 13g, 5.38 cal/g
Clams: 50 cal, 9g, 5.56 cal/g
Cottage cheese (1% fat): 90 cal, 16g, 5.63 cal/g
Salmon filet: 130 cal, 22g, 5.91 cal/g
Greek strained yogurt (0% fat): 90 cal, 15g, 6.0 cal/g
Sirloin Steak: 260 cal, 43g, 6.05 cal/g
Chicken breast (deli slices): 70 cal, 11g, 6.36 cal/g
Buffalo burger: 280 cal, 43g, 6.51 cal/g
Button mushrooms: 15 cal, 2.2g, 6.28 cal/g
Shiitake mushrooms: 21 cal, 3g, 7.0 cal/g
Canned salmon: 90 cal, 12g, 7.5 cal/g
Mussels: 70 cal, 9g, 7.78 cal/g
Beef jerky: 130 cal, 16g, 8.13 cal/g
Hamburger (90/10): 200 cal, 23g, 8.70 cal/g
Oysters: 57 cal, 6g, 9.5 cal/g
Pork chops: 152 cal, 15.6g, 9.74 cal/g
Skim milk: 80 cal, 8g, 10.0 cal/g
Mozarella: 60 cal, 6g, 10.0 cal/g
Soybeans: 100 cal, 10g, 10.0 cal/g
Portabella Mushroom: 26 cal, 2.5g, 10.4 cal/g
Chicken wing: 98 cal, 9g, 10.7 cal/g
Egg: 70 cal, 6g, 11.66
Yogurt (0% fat): 70 cal, 6g, 11.66 cal/g
Lamb: 331 cal, 27.57g, 12.0 cal/g
Provolone cheese: 70 cal, 5g, 14.0 cal/g
Italian salami: 100 cal, 7g, 14.29 cal/g
Hamburger (80/20): 290 cal, 23g, 14.5 cal/g
Bacon: 103 cal, 7g, 14.71 cal/g
Muenster Cheese: 120 cal, 8g, 15.0 cal/g
Kashi Go Lean Protein Cereal: 200 cal, 13g, 15.38 cal/g
Cheddar cheese: 113 cal, 7g, 16.1 cal/g
Tofu: 610 cal, 35g, 17.43
American cheese: 70 cal, 4g, 17.5 cal/g
Black beans: 140 cal, 7g, 20.0 cal/g
Peanuts: 160 cal, 7g, 22.85 cal/g
Pumpkin seeds: 46 cal, 2g, 23 cal/g
Sunflower seeds: 262 cal, 10.48g, 25.0 cal/g
Peanut Butter: 190 cal, 7g, 27.14 cal/g
Almonds: 312 cal, 11g, 28.36 cal/g
Quinoa: 636 cal, 22g, 28.9 cal/g
Sesame Seeds: 158 cal, 5g, 31.6 cal/g
Cashews: 240 cal, 7g, 34.23 cal/g
Walnuts: 688 cal, 14.7g, 46.8 cal/g
- 04/15: 223lbs
- 05/24: 210lbs
- 07/07: 200lbs
- 08/28: 190lbs
- 12/05: 180lbs
Hell no. It was physics. Nah, seriously - my weight loss is 100% attributable to the law of conservation of energy. I wouldn't say the weight loss was easy - those last 10lbs in particular seemed to take forever - but it was surprisingly effortless. I ate any food that I wanted, I never felt hungry, I had tons of energy and my diet became a seamless part of my daily routine. All it took was following two basic rules:
- Calories In < Calories Out. This is the only formula that really matters in weight management. Eat less than you burn and you are guaranteed to lose weight.
- Maintain Lean Body Mass. The weight you lose from following rule #1 will consist of not only fat, but muscle as well. Since the actual goal is to lower body fat percentage, it is essential to maintain as much of your lean body mass (LBM) as possible.
Rule 1: Calories In < Calories Out
This is the formula for weight loss. You can try every crazy diet on the planet, but if you eat more calories than you burn, you will NOT lose any significant amount of weight. As I said, it's basic physics: the human body requires some amount of energy X, measured in calories, to do its basic functions. Moving, thinking, breathing, walking, and just about everything you do requires energy, with the exact amount depending on a person's genetics, age, health, activity level, etc. The only two sources of energy readily available for the human body are the food you eat and the muscle/fat you already have. In general, your body will use the energy from food before it starts digesting the muscles/fat in your body. So, lets assume you eat Y calories per day and look at the 3 possibilities:
- Y > X. Due to the law of conservation of energy, if you eat more calories than you burned, the calorie surplus (Y - X) has to go somewhere. In the human body, there are two main places for it to go: it gets turned into muscle or into fat. In either case, you gain weight.
- Y = X. If you ate and burned the same number of calories, there is no surplus or deficit to worry about, so you stay the same weight.
- Y < X. Once again, due to that pesky law of conservation of energy, if you ate less calories then you burned, that deficit must come from somewhere. In the human body, the two main sources are muscles and fat. In either case, you lose weight.
Ok, So How Do I Satisfy Rule #1?
The first step is to start tracking how many calories you take in and how many you burn. Don't just try to guess or approximate, as you are all but guaranteed to get it wrong: after all, that's how you got fat in the first place. Instead, I highly recommend using a website like thedailyplate.com or fitday.com. They are free, have massive databases of foods with all the nutritional information, have all sorts of useful tools (like calorie calculators, graphs, weight tracker, etc) and take most of the guess work out of it.
Log in, plug in your height, weight, age and activity level to get an approxmiation of your basal metabolic rate. This is how many calories you burn daily by just having a beating heart, eating, breathing, thinking - in short, existing. For the average 5'9", 175 pound male, merely being alive burns around 2000 calories per day. Any exercise or physical activity you do would add onto that.
Once you have this figured out, start recording every single item you put in your mouth. You'd be surprised how quickly those little snacks can add up. Now, remember that ALL calorie tracking is an approximation. You will never know exactly how many calories are in that pastry or exactly how many calories you burned during your jog. Don't worry about it too much and just put down your best guess, using the estimates on the websites above as a base. For one thing, if you're honest about it, your errors - an overestimate here, an underestimate there - will often cancel each other out. Secondly, use a scale to track your weight: if your weight is going in the right direction, you're doing a good job of estimating. If your weight is not going in the right direction, even if you think you've been on a caloric deficit, don't just give up and assume the laws of physics do not apply to you. It just means that your estimates have been inaccurate (or incomplete). Keep at it, tweak your numbers, and eventually you'll get pretty damn good at it. Oh, and don't bother weighing yourself more than about once a week: your weight can fluctuate daily due to a number of unrelated reasons (water retention, weighing yourself at different times, etc), but over the longer term, these fluctuations tend to average out.
Rule 2: Maintain Lean Body Mass
Rule #1 only ensures that you will lose weight, which includes both fat and muscle. As it turns out, muscles are metabolically more "expensive" to maintain than fat - that is, it takes a lot of calories just to keep them around. If you are on a caloric deficit, your body may be very tempted to burn the muscle up for energy both to make up the energy deficit in the short term and to reduce the possible deficit in the future. However, losing weight at the cost of losing a lot of muscle mass is a bad idea for a number of reasons, including:
- Losing LBM lowers your basal metabolic rate, which is very counterproductive for dieting. If your basal metabolic rate is lower, you burn fewer calories per day. Therefore, to continue losing weight, you'd have to eat even less, which makes dieting even harder. If you continue losing muscle mass, you'll gradually see diminishing returns with your weight loss until your metabolism slows to a crawl, making weight loss virtually impossible.
- Obviously, losing muscle mass typically means performing worse at sports, struggling to move that couch, less energy through out the day, and so on.
- For the most part, a person's appearance - whether you have "toned" abs, firm thighs, cut shoulders, etc - is much more of a factor of body fat percentage than it is of total weight. You could lose a lot of weight, but if a large percentage of that weight loss is muscle, then your body fat percentage won't actually be that much lower. As a result, despite all your efforts, you won't necessarily look any better. Dieters who have had this happen have nicknamed it becoming "skinny fat" - you're much lighter, but still look just as flabby.
Lowering Body Fat Percentage
There are only two ways to go about this: you either need to increase the amount of muscle in your body while keeping the amount of fat relatively constant ("bulking") or reduce the amount of fat in your body while keeping the amount of muscle relatively constant ("cutting"). To bulk, you must eat a caloric surplus and convince your body to turn the extra caloric energy into muscle mass. To cut, you must eat a caloric deficit and convince your body to get the missing caloric energy from your fat. Can you build muscle and lose fat at the same time? Not very effectively - see the FAQ below for more info.
Since this post is about weight loss, our goal is to cut weight while maintaining as much muscle mass as possible. To do this, you need to convince your body that your metabolically expensive muscles are worth keeping around. Here are several good ways to do this:
1. Eat lots of protein. This is absolutely essential. You need protein to build/maintain muscles, so make sure your body is never running short of it while on a caloric deficit. This is especially important if you are doing any sort of exercise. Try to eat around 1 gram of protein per pound of bodyweight: for example, if you weigh 175 lbs, try to eat 175 grams of protein per day. The same websites I mentioned for tracking calories automatically track protein intake as well. If this seems like a lot of protein, check out the FAQ section below for more info.
2. Weight training. Consistently using your muscles to lift heavy weights is pretty much the single most effective way to tell your body that it should NOT digest its own muscles. In fact, it's pretty much the only way to keep the weight loss as close to 100% fat as possible. The most effective routines are those that work the entire body and focus on compound, low rep, heavy weight movements with free weights (e.g. Starting Strength, Stronglifts 5x5, Bill Starr 5x5, Crossfit). Yes, even women should do weight training. NO, you will not get "big". Not only is it extremely difficult for the average woman to get "jacked", when you're on a calorie deficit, your primary concern will be trying not to lose muscle mass. Of course, doing weight training has many other benefits besides maintaining LBM, such as increased strength, increased sports performance, injury resistance, increased bone density, increased metabolism (helping accelerate future weight loss), improved balance and coordination, and so on. Despite the popular myth that weight training automatically makes you gain weight, I really can't stress enough how great of a tool it is when dieting.
3. Use a moderate caloric deficit. If your caloric deficit is too big, your body will go more and more into a "starvation mode" where it'll digest a LOT of your muscle mass and actually try to conserve your fat for the future - the exact opposite of what you want. Therefore, don't go overboard with the caloric deficit: a daily deficit of 250 - 750 calories is reasonable range for most people and will let you lose about 0.5 - 1.5 lbs per week. Any more than that and a larger percentage of it will be muscle.
FAQ
What about other diets, like low fat diets, Atkins, Zone, South Beach, etc?
If any of these fad diets works, it's simply because it tricks you into eating less calories than you burn. They all have various strategies for accomplishing this, but I personally prefer to skip to the heart of the issue and skip all the BS in between. In exchange, I get to decide what I eat, when I eat and how much, so long as I follow rules #1 and #2.
What foods should I avoid?
You can eat whatever you want, so long as you follow rules #1 and #2. From a purely weight loss perspective, it doesn't matter if all your calories come from eating nothing but candy dipped in melted butter. If you eat less calories than you burn, even if all the calories are from candy and butter, you WILL lose weight. Having said that, I'd take note of the following:
- Most people should be concerned with more than just their weight. For one thing, the need to keep your protein intake high (as in rule #2) will make it tough to live on a diet solely consisting of buttered candy. Secondly, your overall health relies not only on your weight or body fat percentage, but also on your diet's vitamin content, your blood cholesterol levels and many other diet-influenced factors. Each person should obviously consider these when deciding what to eat. So, while you could lose weight eating nothing but butter and candy, I wouldn't recommend it.
- Staying within your caloric limit can be difficult without feeling hungry. You will find that some foods are a much better "bang for the buck" - that is, you can eat more of them and feel fuller without eating too many calories. The "What does 200 calories look like?" webpage does a great job of illustrating this. If you're staying within your caloric limit, you'll naturally find yourself gravitating towards foods towards the top of this page rather than the bottom, quite simply because you can eat more of them. As it happens, these calorie-sparse foods also happen to be the ones we traditionally consider "healthy".
From a weight loss perspective, both of these are relatively minor factors. As long as you're within your caloric limit, the body doesn't care all that much whether those calories came from carbs (whether high GI or low GI), fats or protein. The one exception is if your body fat percentage is already very low - below 10% for males - at which point losing more fat becomes much more challenging and every little detail must be monitored. However, the vast majority of people are nowhere near this level, so these are not particularly relevant.
Having said that, I must again point out that from an overall health standpoint, you may want to be aware of these issues. Picking foods with a lower Glycemic Index can have many health benefits, such as reducing hunger, cholesterol and the risk of heart disease. A proper macronutrient breakdown, such as the 40-30-30 (carbs-protein-fats) of the Zone Diet, may help with hormone balance in the body, which can impact every aspect of your life, from mood to weight management. But as far as just losing weight, they probably aren't terribly important.
I'd also note that, from personal experience, I have found that by picking foods that let me keep a caloric deficit and keeping my protein intake high (~1 gram per pound of bodyweight), both of these factors took care of themselves. I typically found that lower GI foods were also less calorie dense and I preferred them as I could eat them in larger quantities. Moreover, keeping my protein intake high naturally created a 40-30-30 macronutrient breakdown in my diet with no extra effort.
Should I eat many small meals per day?
If you keep caloric intake constant, eating multiple small meals a day versus several larger ones has no advantage as far as weight loss goes. In other words, the idea that eating more often raises your metabolism and somehow burns more calories is a myth. However, there are other benefits to eating more often that might make it worthwhile. The main one is that you can prevent yourself from getting hungry due to long breaks between meals, which can make it easier to stay within your caloric limits.
What about cardio? Should I exercise in the "fat burning zone"? What about HIIT?
From a weight loss perspective, cardio is primarily an efficient way to burn more calories - to increase the "calories out" portion of the equation in rule #1. Of course, cardio has many other benefits that make it a very worthwhile activity that have little to do with weight loss. These include improved endurance, stronger heart and lungs, and improved blood cholesterol levels. Cardio activities can also help with maintaining LBM, but not nearly as effectively as weight training.
As for the type of cardio, it's really up to you. There are studies that show that keeping your heart rate in the "fat burning zone" during cardio gives you the most favorable ratio of fat burned vs. muscle burned while exercising. Other people claim high intensity interval training (HIIT) is better. Whether or not they are right is, frankly, irrelevant. I really like this quote from Alan Aragon from an article about the "afterburn effect":
Caring how much fat is burned during training makes as much sense as caring how much muscle is built during training.
Perhaps you burn a slightly higher percentage of fat while in the "fat burning zone", but when you look at the big picture, this effect is pretty damn insignificant. All that really matters is how many calories you burned and from that perspective, you should just do whatever cardio you enjoy and can do consistently.
How do I get a 6 pack? Should I do crunches or sit-ups?
The first thing to understand is that having visible abs is, for all practical purposes, completely a factor of body fat percentage. If your body fat percentage is too high, it doesn't matter how many crunches you do, your abs will NOT be visible. You can buy the ab lounge, the bo-flex, and do crunches for days on end, but as long as there is a layer of fat over your abs, you won't be able to see them.
The second thing to understand is that, realistically, the concept of "spot reduction" is a myth. By spot reduction, I mean the idea that by doing exercises on some specific part of your body, you can lose fat from just that place. The classic example is people doing sit-ups or crunches in the hope that this will reduce fat around their midsection. It won't. Sit-ups and crunches may make your abs stronger and boost their endurance, but they WILL NOT decrease fat specifically around your stomach. You could do a thousand reps on those goddamn adductor machines at the gym and it won't magically burn fat off your ass or thighs.
To be more specific, you will only lose fat - from any part of your body - when on a caloric deficit. Where the fat is lost from is entirely up to your body. You really don't have any say in the matter. If your body decides to lose a ton of weight from your stomach, but none from your thighs, there is nothing you can do about it. However, as a general rule, when you lose weight, you lose weight fairly evenly from all over your body. Having said that, most people tend to have a body part or two that keeps an disproportionally large amount of fat. For men, this is usually the stomach and love handles. For women, it's usually the thighs and butt. These parts of the body are usually the first ones to gain fat and the last ones to lose it. The only solution is to just keep doing what you are doing: once your body fat percentage gets low enough, you WILL lose fat from even these troublesome areas.
Is it possible to build muscle and lose fat at the same time?
As I discussed before, muscle growth happens as a response to a caloric surplus while fat loss happens as a response to a caloric deficit. Although there are a few minor cases where both can happen, it should be obvious from the caloric formula alone that doing both at the same time isn't very feasible. It can be accomplished at a very slow rate by eating roughly "maintenance" calories (ie, calories in = calories out), but people typically have much better success (ie, achieve more muscle with less fat in a shorter time) by repeatedly alternating bulking and cutting cycles.
It's also true that beginners to weight training, for a short while, can burn off fat and build muscle at the same time. This typically happens with overweight and completely untrained individuals, as their bodies are primed to use fat as fuel and their muscles, in total shock from the foreign stimulus of weight training, adapt very quickly ("beginner gains"). The result is that, for a few months after beginning weight training, many guys will see their waist lines shrink while their shoulders and legs grow. It's yet another awesome incentive to do weight training, but of course, it doesn't last. After a while, to really effectively continue to add muscle mass or burn off fat, you need to gear your diet towards one or the other.
So how long do I need to do this for?
Well... forever. Or, at least as long as you want to have control over your body weight. A diet cannot be a temporary thing, because if you go back to your old eating habits, you'll undoubtedly also go back to your old weight.Worse yet, the more weight you lose, the harder it gets. For one thing, as your bodyweight gets lower, your basal metabolic rate drops as well. This means you burn less calories per day, so to maintain a caloric deficit, you have to eat even less (or exercise more). For a small amount of weight loss, this effect will be minimal, but if you're losing 20lbs or more, you'll need to take it into account - the calorie tracking websites I mentioned actually do this automatically for you. This is yet another reason maintaining/adding muscle mass is so beneficial for weight loss: for the same amount of mass, muscles take more calories to maintain, which means merely having them lets you burn more calories.
But don't worry, it's actually not that hard. After a few weeks, it becomes a part of your life and does not feel like a chore. Moreover, seeing results is an unbelievable motivation. Losing weight will make a significant daily impact in your life. Everything from getting up from the couch, to running up a flight of stairs, to how you perform at sports and exercise will improve. You'll boost your energy levels and your confidence. Of course, depending on how much weight you lose, your old clothes might not fit you any more, but I think you'll get over it. Also, when you finally reach your target weight and switch from a daily caloric deficit to eating maintenance calories, you'll find that you can feel totally stuffed every single meal and not gain an ounce.
Do I have to do Crossfit like you did to lose weight?
No, not at all. In fact, my first Crossfit workout was on July 7, by which point I had already lost 23lbs. Before that, my only real exercise was some weight training 3 times a week using the Bill Starr 5x5 routine. The main role of exercise in my weight loss was as a way to help maintain LBM and to increase how many calories I burned per day. Exercise has many other benefits as well, but it's definitely not a requirement for weight loss. You could just eat less to get to a caloric deficit and I guarantee that you'll lose weight.
How do I eat so much protein?
The typical daily recommendation is around 1.0 grams of protein per pound of body weight. This is a pretty hefty amount, but it definitely goes a long way towards helping maintain LBM. Of course, not everyone needs that much: if you don't do any exercise or are very heavy to begin with (over 300lbs), you can probably do just fine with closer to 0.5 grams of protein per pound of body weight. In any case, if you need to up your protein intake, you'll probably need to rework your diet around foods that are high in protein, but relatively low in calories. One gram of pure protein has about 4 calories in it. For any given food, you can divide the number of calories it has by the grams of protein. The closer this number is to 4 (which is the theoretical minimum), the "cleaner" a source of protein it is - that is, you can eat more of it to up your protein intake without increasing your caloric intake too much. Below is a list I've compiled of high protein foods and their calorie to protein ratio. Foods closer to the top give you a better protein "bang for the buck". These numbers are from thedailyplate.com and will obviously vary with different preparation, cuts, brands, etc.
Whey protein isolate: 100 cal, 23g, 4.34 cal/g
Spirulina: 26 cal, 5.92g, 4.39 cal/g
Turkey breast: 146 cal, 33g, 4.42 cal/g
Ostrich steak: 160 cal, 36g, 4.44 cal/g
Turkey breast (deli slices): 60 cal, 13g, 4.62 cal/g
Canned tuna: 70 cal, 15g, 4.66 cal/g
Chicken breast: 130 cal, 27g, 4.81 cal/g
Casein protein: 120 cal, 24g, 5.0 cal/g
Shrimp: 90 cal, 17g, 5.29 cal/g
Smoked salmon: 70 cal, 13g, 5.38 cal/g
Cottage cheese (0% fat): 70 cal, 13g, 5.38 cal/g
Clams: 50 cal, 9g, 5.56 cal/g
Cottage cheese (1% fat): 90 cal, 16g, 5.63 cal/g
Salmon filet: 130 cal, 22g, 5.91 cal/g
Greek strained yogurt (0% fat): 90 cal, 15g, 6.0 cal/g
Sirloin Steak: 260 cal, 43g, 6.05 cal/g
Chicken breast (deli slices): 70 cal, 11g, 6.36 cal/g
Buffalo burger: 280 cal, 43g, 6.51 cal/g
Button mushrooms: 15 cal, 2.2g, 6.28 cal/g
Shiitake mushrooms: 21 cal, 3g, 7.0 cal/g
Canned salmon: 90 cal, 12g, 7.5 cal/g
Mussels: 70 cal, 9g, 7.78 cal/g
Beef jerky: 130 cal, 16g, 8.13 cal/g
Hamburger (90/10): 200 cal, 23g, 8.70 cal/g
Oysters: 57 cal, 6g, 9.5 cal/g
Pork chops: 152 cal, 15.6g, 9.74 cal/g
Skim milk: 80 cal, 8g, 10.0 cal/g
Mozarella: 60 cal, 6g, 10.0 cal/g
Soybeans: 100 cal, 10g, 10.0 cal/g
Portabella Mushroom: 26 cal, 2.5g, 10.4 cal/g
Chicken wing: 98 cal, 9g, 10.7 cal/g
Egg: 70 cal, 6g, 11.66
Yogurt (0% fat): 70 cal, 6g, 11.66 cal/g
Lamb: 331 cal, 27.57g, 12.0 cal/g
Provolone cheese: 70 cal, 5g, 14.0 cal/g
Italian salami: 100 cal, 7g, 14.29 cal/g
Hamburger (80/20): 290 cal, 23g, 14.5 cal/g
Bacon: 103 cal, 7g, 14.71 cal/g
Muenster Cheese: 120 cal, 8g, 15.0 cal/g
Kashi Go Lean Protein Cereal: 200 cal, 13g, 15.38 cal/g
Cheddar cheese: 113 cal, 7g, 16.1 cal/g
Tofu: 610 cal, 35g, 17.43
American cheese: 70 cal, 4g, 17.5 cal/g
Black beans: 140 cal, 7g, 20.0 cal/g
Peanuts: 160 cal, 7g, 22.85 cal/g
Pumpkin seeds: 46 cal, 2g, 23 cal/g
Sunflower seeds: 262 cal, 10.48g, 25.0 cal/g
Peanut Butter: 190 cal, 7g, 27.14 cal/g
Almonds: 312 cal, 11g, 28.36 cal/g
Quinoa: 636 cal, 22g, 28.9 cal/g
Sesame Seeds: 158 cal, 5g, 31.6 cal/g
Cashews: 240 cal, 7g, 34.23 cal/g
Walnuts: 688 cal, 14.7g, 46.8 cal/g
